In the last decade, biofuel has emerged as a solution to help solve climate change. However, bioethanol is mainly produced from sugarcane, whose cultivation still has significant environmental impacts. This article presents an overview of the environmental impact of sugarcane cultivation and explores sustainable alternatives for the future.
Around 1,950 tons of sugarcane are produced globally each year for processing into sugar and biofuel. The global demand for sugarcane has gradually increased over the past decades, driven by South America (Brazil contributes 39% of the world’s production) and Asia (India produces 20%, while China and Thailand each contribute 6%).
Figure 1: sugarcane burning has an impact on the environment, and on workers’ health
Sugarcane cultivation follows the industrialized agriculture model, typically grown in monoculture. It relies heavily on agrochemicals and artificial fertilizers. In addition to the greenhouse gases emitted from fertilizer use (more details about this topic in this article) and fossil fuel consumption, sugarcane farming contributes significantly to carbon emissions. A common practice, burning the sugarcane leaves before harvest, accelerates the process but releases a substantial amount of carbon into the atmosphere. Scientific studies estimate that for each ton of sugarcane produced, between 27kg and 49kg of CO2-equivalent are emitted (depending on location and farming methods). Besides these emissions, intensive sugarcane farming reduces soil fertility and threatens local biodiversity.
To reduce sugarcane farming’s environmental impact, practices like eliminating burning, using organic fertilizers, and minimizing fossil fuel consumption are key. Transitioning from monoculture to a regenerative system, involving diverse crops and focusing on soil health, is another important step. However, such a shift requires understanding its technical and social complexities. Moving away from conventional practices involves investment, technical expertise, and commitment. Many farmers, particularly in Asia, lack the financial and technical resources to make these changes.
Figure 2: Mechanization is scarce in Thailand today
National regulations and government actions are essential for supporting sustainable practices, but countries show varied responses. In Brazil, the government under Jair Bolsonaro expanded sugarcane plantations into protected areas to increase biofuel ethanol production, encouraging damaging practices. In Thailand, however, the government has committed to reducing sugarcane burning and allocated 1.5 billion baht in loans to help farmers purchase specialized harvesters. Despite these initiatives, farmers face obstacles: these harvesters may not suit small farms, and many farmers remain unaware of or unable to access government support. Additionally, farmers are unlikely to shift their practices without the assurance of selling their sustainable crops at premium prices. This is where international buyers play a crucial role: they can support the transition by committing to contracts for sustainable products. Private companies, like FairAgora Asia, play a vital role in implementing these solutions.
At FairAgora Asia, we drive sustainability through innovative agricultural practices, social impact training, and environmental risk assessments. Partnering with global organizations, we empower stakeholders to embrace sustainability for a greener future.
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